1. What is a Gerund?

A gerund is the -ing form of a verb that functions as a noun in a sentence.

Example:

Swimming is my hobby. (Here swimming is the subject of the sentence, not an action.)

So, unlike a present participle (I am swimming), a gerund acts like a noun.

2. Types of Gerunds

Gerunds can function in different roles in a sentence:

1.Subject Gerund – when the gerund is the subject of the sentence.

2.Object Gerund – when the gerund is the object of a verb.

3.Object of Preposition – when the gerund follows a preposition.

Subject Complement (Predicate Nominative) – when the gerund renames or defines the subject.

Possessive with Gerund – when the subject of the gerund is shown in possessive form.

१. Gerund म्हणजे काय?

gerund हे क्रियापदाचे -ing रूप आहे जे वाक्यात नाम म्हणून काम करते.

उदाहरण:

१. Gerund म्हणजे काय?

gerund हे क्रियापदाचे -ing रूप आहे जे वाक्यात नाम म्हणून काम करते.

उदाहरण:

१. Gerund म्हणजे काय?

gerund हे क्रियापदाचे -ing रूप आहे जे वाक्यात नाम म्हणून काम करते.

उदाहरण:

Swimming is my hobby. (येथे Swimming हा वाक्याचा कर्ता आहे, कृती नाही.)

gerund हे नामासारखे काम करते.

२. Gerund चे प्रकार

Gerund वाक्यात वेगवेगळ्या भूमिकांमध्ये काम करू शकतात:

१.Subject Gerund – जेव्हा gerund वाक्याचा कर्ता असतो.

२.Object Gerund – जेव्हा gerund क्रियापदाचा ऑब्जेक्ट असतो.

३.Object of Preposition – जेव्हा gerund एखाद्या preposition चे अनुसरण करते.

Subject Complement (Predicate Nominative) – जेव्हा gerund विषयाचे नाव बदलते किंवा परिभाषित करते.

Gerund सह Possessive – जेव्हा gerund चा कर्ता possessive स्वरूपात दाखवला जातो.(येथे पोहणे हा वाक्याचा कर्ता आहे, कृती नाही.)

म्हणून, प्रेझेंट पार्टिसिपल (मी पोहत आहे) विपरीत, gerund हे नामासारखे काम करते.

२. Gerund चे प्रकार

Gerund वाक्यात वेगवेगळ्या भूमिकांमध्ये काम करू शकतात:

१.Subject Gerund – जेव्हा gerund वाक्याचा कर्ता असतो.

२.Object Gerund – जेव्हा gerund क्रियापदाचा ऑब्जेक्ट असतो.

३.Object of Preposition – जेव्हा gerund एखाद्या preposition चे अनुसरण करते.

Subject Complement (Predicate Nominative) – जेव्हा gerund विषयाचे नाव बदलते किंवा परिभाषित करते.

Gerund सह Possessive – जेव्हा gerund चा कर्ता possessive स्वरूपात दाखवला जातो. (येथे पोहणे हा वाक्याचा कर्ता आहे, कृती नाही.)

२. Gerund चे प्रकार

Gerund वाक्यात वेगवेगळ्या भूमिकांमध्ये काम करू शकतात:

१.Subject Gerund – जेव्हा gerund वाक्याचा कर्ता असतो.

२.Object Gerund – जेव्हा gerund क्रियापदाचा ऑब्जेक्ट असतो.

३.Object of Preposition – जेव्हा gerund एखाद्या preposition चे अनुसरण करते.

Subject Complement (Predicate Nominative) – जेव्हा gerund विषयाचे नाव बदलते किंवा परिभाषित करते.

Gerund सह Possessive – जेव्हा gerund चा कर्ता possessive स्वरूपात दाखवला जातो.

3. Examples of Each Type (20 each)

(A) Gerund as Subject (20 examples)

Swimming is good exercise.

Reading improves knowledge.

Writing helps express thoughts.

Dancing keeps me active.

Playing cricket is my passion.

Singing relaxes the mind.

Teaching requires patience.

Travelling broadens the mind.

Jogging reduces stress.

Learning never ends.

Gardening refreshes the soul.

Watching movies entertains people.

Driving carefully saves lives.

Cooking is an art.

Listening helps understanding.

Shopping makes her happy.

Painting inspires creativity.

Walking improves health.

Cleaning keeps the house neat.

Collecting stamps is his hobby.

(B) Gerund as Object of a Verb (20 examples)

I enjoy reading books.

She loves dancing.

They finished playing the match.

We like swimming in the sea.

He avoided talking to strangers.

She admitted stealing the purse.

I suggested going for a walk.

He denied cheating in the exam.

We discussed starting a new project.

She missed meeting her friends.

He considered leaving the job.

I dislike waiting for long.

They practiced singing together.

He stopped smoking.

She can’t stand lying.

We recommended visiting the museum.

He delayed replying to the email.

She enjoys cooking for her family.

He risked losing everything.

They preferred staying at home.

(C) Gerund as Object of Preposition (20 examples)

She is interested in learning French.

He is fond of playing football.

They succeeded in solving the puzzle.

She is afraid of swimming alone.

He insisted on going there.

I am tired of working all day.

She is good at dancing.

He is keen on improving his skills.

They talked about starting a business.

She is busy preparing for exams.

He is capable of leading the team.

They are worried about losing money.

She apologized for coming late.

He is addicted to smoking.

We look forward to meeting you.

She blamed him for breaking the vase.

He is responsible for managing the project.

They congratulated her on winning the race.

She is excited about going abroad.

He is devoted to teaching.

(D) Gerund as Subject Complement (Predicate Nominative) (20 examples)

My hobby is reading.

His passion is singing.

Her duty is helping the poor.

His favorite activity is playing cricket.

The best exercise is swimming.

Their main problem is smoking.

The fun of childhood is playing.

His dream job is teaching.

The solution is working together.

Their only option was running away.

The best part of the day is watching the sunset.

His mistake was trusting strangers.

The biggest challenge is learning English.

My weakness is procrastinating.

The real joy is helping others.

The hardest task is studying at night.

His talent is acting.

The most important thing is working hard.

Her strength is motivating people.

The first step is trying.

(E) Possessive with Gerund (20 examples)

I appreciate your helping me.

She didn’t like his coming late.

They approved of her joining the team.

We were happy about his winning the prize.

The teacher praised their working hard.

She complained about his being rude.

I don’t mind your staying here.

They were surprised at his leaving early.

Her success depended on my supporting her.

I disliked his interrupting me.

She enjoyed my singing.

We regretted their not attending the function.

His excuse was my not helping him.

She thanked me for my assisting her.

He was proud of his daughter’s achieving the goal.

I insisted on their joining us.

She objected to his smoking.

We welcomed your coming.

They remembered his helping them.

She was angry about his refusing the offer.

What is an Infinitive?

An infinitive is the base form of a verb, usually preceded by to (e.g., to eat, to run, to learn).

It can function as a noun, adjective, or adverb in a sentence.

Types of Infinitives

Simple Infinitive (to + verb)

The most common form.

Example: to read, to play, to go

Perfect Infinitive (to have + past participle)

Refers to an action completed before another action.

Example: to have finished, to have eaten

Continuous Infinitive (to be + present participle)

Refers to an action in progress.

Example: to be running, to be studying

Perfect Continuous Infinitive (to have been + present participle)

Refers to an action that was happening over a period of time before another action.

Example: to have been working, to have been reading

Bare Infinitive (verb without “to”)

Used after modal verbs (can, may, must, shall, will) or certain verbs (let, make, help, see, hear).

Example: go, do, eat (without to).

Examples of Each Type (20 Sentences Each)

1. Simple Infinitive (to + verb)

I like to read books.

She wants to sing at the concert.

They decided to travel abroad.

He hopes to win the match.

We plan to start a new business.

She agreed to help me.

He refused to answer the question.

I tried to open the door.

She loves to dance in the rain.

They promised to come early.

He asked me to stay quiet.

I learned to swim last summer.

She offered to cook dinner.

We expect to finish soon.

He managed to escape.

She pretended to sleep.

They need to work harder.

I prefer to walk instead of drive.

He forgot to lock the gate.

She likes to paint in her free time.

2. Perfect Infinitive (to have + past participle)

He seems to have lost his wallet.

She appears to have finished the work.

They claimed to have met the minister.

He pretended to have forgotten my name.

She is said to have won the prize.

He expected to have completed the project.

I am glad to have helped you.

She is believed to have written the book.

They admitted to have stolen the money.

He ought to have studied harder.

She seems to have understood the lesson.

He is reported to have left early.

She regretted to have said that.

They were lucky to have survived.

He was happy to have met her.

She appears to have been sick.

He pretends to have known the truth.

They are thought to have cheated.

She seems to have improved a lot.

He claimed to have solved the problem.

3. Continuous Infinitive (to be + verb-ing)

He seems to be working hard.

She appears to be crying.

They pretended to be playing.

He is said to be waiting outside.

She claimed to be writing a book.

He wants to be studying now.

They pretended to be sleeping.

She hopes to be dancing tomorrow.

He seems to be watching TV.

I expected to be working this week.

She likes to be cooking new dishes.

They are known to be helping the poor.

He pretends to be laughing.

She appears to be listening carefully.

He is believed to be staying there.

They seem to be playing football.

She wants to be learning French.

He is likely to be running late.

They appear to be practicing daily.

She is expected to be teaching soon.

4. Perfect Continuous Infinitive (to have been + verb-ing)

He seems to have been working all night.

She appears to have been crying.

They claimed to have been waiting for hours.

He pretended to have been studying.

She is said to have been living there.

He is believed to have been helping her.

They seem to have been enjoying the party.

She appears to have been cooking for us.

He pretends to have been learning French.

They admitted to have been lying.

He is thought to have been hiding the truth.

She claimed to have been writing letters.

He appears to have been repairing the car.

She seems to have been reading for hours.

They are known to have been fighting.

He is likely to have been drinking.

She is reported to have been working abroad.

He seems to have been running fast.

They appear to have been playing games.

She is believed to have been singing.

5. Bare Infinitive (verb without “to”)

I can swim well.

She will help you.

They may go now.

He must study hard.

We shall see him tomorrow.

You should try again.

They might win the prize.

He could drive the car.

Let me speak.

She made me cry.

I saw him run away.

We heard her sing.

They helped us finish the work.

You need not worry.

I dare not ask.

He would like to join.

You shall get a reward.

We did not wait.

I felt him touch my hand.