Direct and Indirect Narration

– Direct Narration: In direct speech, the speaker’s exact words are quoted. Quotation marks are used, and there’s no change in tense or person.
Example: He said, “I am going to the market.”

– Indirect Narration: In indirect speech, the speaker’s words are reported without quoting them directly. The tense, pronouns, and sometimes time expressions may change based on the reporting verb.
Example: He said that he was going to the market.

Rules for Tense Changes in Indirect Speech:
1. If the reporting verb is in the past tense, the tense of the verb in direct speech changes accordingly in indirect speech.
2. No tense change occurs if the reporting verb is in the present or future tense.

Tense-Wise Examples of Direct and Indirect Speech

Here are **ten examples** of direct and indirect speech across various tenses. For each tense, examples show how direct speech converts to indirect speech:

1. **Present Simple Tense**

– **Direct**: He says, “I play football.”
– **Indirect**: He says that he plays football.
– **Direct**: She says, “I love reading.”
– **Indirect**: She says that she loves reading.
– **Direct**: John says, “They study every day.”
– **Indirect**: John says that they study every day.
– **Direct**: He says, “I know the answer.”
– **Indirect**: He says that he knows the answer.
– **Direct**: She says, “We live in London.”
– **Indirect**: She says that they live in London.
– **Direct**: They say, “We like pizza.”
– **Indirect**: They say that they like pizza.
– **Direct**: He says, “I go to the gym regularly.”
– **Indirect**: He says that he goes to the gym regularly.
– **Direct**: The teacher says, “The Earth orbits the Sun.”
– **Indirect**: The teacher says that the Earth orbits the Sun.
– **Direct**: He says, “I walk to school.”
– **Indirect**: He says that he walks to school.
– **Direct**: She says, “I don’t eat meat.”
– **Indirect**: She says that she doesn’t eat meat.

**2. Present Continuous Tense**

– **Direct**: He says, “I am working.”
– **Indirect**: He says that he is working.
– **Direct**: She says, “They are coming to the party.”
– **Indirect**: She says that they are coming to the party.
– **Direct**: They say, “We are waiting for you.”
– **Indirect**: They say that they are waiting for you.
– **Direct**: He says, “She is cooking dinner.”
– **Indirect**: He says that she is cooking dinner.
– **Direct**: She says, “I am reading a book.”
– **Indirect**: She says that she is reading a book.
– **Direct**: John says, “I am meeting my friends.”
– **Indirect**: John says that he is meeting his friends.
– **Direct**: They say, “We are studying for exams.”
– **Indirect**: They say that they are studying for exams.
– **Direct**: He says, “I am going to the store.”
– **Indirect**: He says that he is going to the store.
– **Direct**: She says, “He is watching TV.”
– **Indirect**: She says that he is watching TV.
– **Direct**: The teacher says, “I am teaching grammar.”
– **Indirect**: The teacher says that she is teaching grammar.

 **3. Present Perfect Tense**

– **Direct**: He says, “I have finished my work.”
– **Indirect**: He says that he has finished his work.
– **Direct**: She says, “I have lost my keys.”
– **Indirect**: She says that she has lost her keys.
– **Direct**: They say, “We have completed the project.”
– **Indirect**: They say that they have completed the project.
– **Direct**: He says, “She has gone to the market.”
– **Indirect**: He says that she has gone to the market.
– **Direct**: She says, “I have learned French.”
– **Indirect**: She says that she has learned French.
– **Direct**: He says, “We have lived here for 10 years.”
– **Indirect**: He says that they have lived there for 10 years.
– **Direct**: John says, “I have seen that movie.”
– **Indirect**: John says that he has seen that movie.
– **Direct**:They say, “We have made dinner.”
– **Indirect**: They say that they have made dinner.
– **Direct**: He says, “I have never been to Paris.”
– **Indirect**: He says that he has never been to Paris.
– **Direct**: She says, “I have finished reading the book.”
– **Indirect**: She says that she has finished reading the book.

 **4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense**

– **Direct**: He says, “I have been working all day.”
– **Indirect**: He says that he has been working all day.
– **Direct**: She says, “I have been cooking for two hours.”
– **Indirect**: She says that she has been cooking for two hours.
– **Direct**: They say, “We have been studying for the exam.”
– **Indirect**: They say that they have been studying for the exam.
– **Direct**: He says, “She has been waiting for you.”
– **Indirect**: He says that she has been waiting for you.
– **Direct**: She says, “I have been reading that novel.”
– **Indirect**: She says that she has been reading that novel.
– **Direct**: John says, “I have been living here for five years.”
– **Indirect**: John says that he has been living there for five years.
– **Direct**: They say, “We have been planning the event.”
– **Indirect**: They say that they have been planning the event.
– **Direct**: He says, “I have been driving for hours.”
– **Indirect**: He says that he has been driving for hours.
– **Direct**: She says, “They have been waiting for you.”
– **Indirect**: She says that they have been waiting for you.
– **Direct**: He says, “I have been trying to call you.”
– **Indirect**: He says that he has been trying to call you.

**5. Past Simple Tense**

– **Direct**: He said, “I went to the store.”
– **Indirect**: He said that he had gone to the store.
– **Direct**: She said, “I bought a new car.”
– **Indirect**: She said that she had bought a new car.
– **Direct**: They said, “We completed the project.”
– **Indirect**: They said that they had completed the project.
– **Direct**: He said, “She helped me.”
– **Indirect**: He said that she had helped him.
– **Direct**: She said, “I saw the movie.”
– **Indirect**: She said that she had seen the movie.
– **Direct**: John said, “I visited Paris.”
– **Indirect**: John said that he had visited Paris.
– **Direct**: They said, “We won the game.”
– **Indirect**: They said that they had won the game.
– **Direct**: He said, “I met her yesterday.”
– **Indirect**: He said that he had met her the day before.
– **Direct**: She said, “I was late for work.”
– **Indirect**: She said that she had been late for work.
– **Direct**: He said, “I ate breakfast.”
– **Indirect**: He said that he had eaten breakfast.

**6. Past Continuous Tense**

– **Direct**: He said, “I was working.”
– **Indirect**: He said that he had been working.
– **Direct**: She said, “I was cooking dinner.”
– **Indirect**: She said that she had been cooking dinner.
– **Direct**: They said, “We were waiting for you.”
– **Indirect**: They said that they had been waiting for you.
– **Direct**: He said, “She was watching TV.”
– **Indirect**: He said that she had been watching TV.
– **Direct**: She said, “I was reading a book.”
– **Indirect**: She said that she had been reading a book.
– **Direct**: John said, “I was studying for my exam.”
– **Indirect**: John said that he had been studying for his exam.
– **Direct**: They said, “We were playing football.”
– **Indirect**: They said that they had been playing football.
– **Direct**: He said, “I was driving to work.”
– **Indirect**: He said that he had been driving to work.
– **Direct**: She said, “They were planning a party.”
– **Indirect**: She said that they had been planning a party.
– **Direct**: He said, “I was talking to my friend.”
– **Indirect**: He said that he had been talking to his friend.

**7. Past Perfect Tense**

– **Direct**: He said, “I had already eaten.”
– **Indirect**: He said that he had already eaten.

– **Direct**: She said, “I had finished my homework.”
– **Indirect**: She said that she had finished her homework.

– **Direct**: They said, “We had visited the museum before it closed.”
– **Indirect**: They said that they had visited the museum before it closed.

– **Direct**: He said, “She had left before I arrived.”
– **Indirect**: He said that she had left before he arrived.

– **Direct**: She said, “I had been to Paris twice by then.”
– **Indirect**: She said that she had been to Paris twice by then.

– **Direct**: John said, “We had completed the project before the deadline.”
– **Indirect**: John said that they had completed the project before the deadline.

– **Direct**: They said, “We had lost the match by a narrow margin.”
– **Indirect**: They said that they had lost the match by a narrow margin.

– **Direct**: He said, “I had never seen such a beautiful sunset.”
– **Indirect**: He said that he had never seen such a beautiful sunset.

– **Direct**: She said, “They had gone home before it started raining.”
– **Indirect**: She said that they had gone home before it started raining.

– **Direct**: He said, “I had forgotten my keys.”
– **Indirect**: He said that he had forgotten his keys.

 **8. Past Perfect Continuous Tense**

– **Direct**: He said, “I had been working for three hours before you called.”
– **Indirect**: He said that he had been working for three hours before I called.

– **Direct**: She said, “I had been cooking dinner for an hour.”
– **Indirect**: She said that she had been cooking dinner for an hour.

– **Direct**: They said, “We had been studying for weeks before the exam.”
– **Indirect**: They said that they had been studying for weeks before the exam.

– **Direct**: He said, “She had been waiting for me for an hour.”
– **Indirect**: He said that she had been waiting for him for an hour.

– **Direct**: She said, “I had been living there for five years.”
– **Indirect**: She said that she had been living there for five years.

– **Direct**: John said, “I had been practising the piano for two hours.”
– **Indirect**: John said that he had been practising the piano for two hours.

– **Direct**: They said, “We had been playing football for two hours before it started raining.”
– **Indirect**: They said that they had been playing football for two hours before it started raining.

– **Direct**: He said, “I had been reading that book all day.”
– **Indirect**: He said that he had been reading that book all day.

– **Direct**: She said, “They had been planning the party for a month.”
– **Indirect**: She said that they had been planning the party for a month.

– **Direct**: He said, “I had been waiting for the bus for 30 minutes.”
– **Indirect**: He said that he had been waiting for the bus for 30 minutes.

**9. Future Simple Tense**

– **Direct**: He said, “I will go to the store.”
– **Indirect**: He said that he would go to the store.
– **Direct She said, “I will buy a new car.”
– **Indirect**: She said that she would buy a new car.
– **Direct**: They said, “We will finish the project.”
– **Indirect**: They said that they would finish the project.
– **Direct**: He said, “She will help you.”
– **Indirect**: He said that she would help you.
– **Direct**: She said, “I will see the movie.”
– **Indirect**: She said that she would see the movie.
– **Direct**: John said, “I will visit Paris.”
– **Indirect**: John said that he would visit Paris.
– **Direct**: They said, “We will win the game.”
– **Indirect**: They said that they would win the game.
– **Direct**: He said, “I will call her tomorrow.”
– **Indirect**: He said that he would call her the next day.
– **Direct**: She said, “I will be on time.”
– **Indirect**: She said that she would be on time.
– **Direct**: He said, “I will finish my homework.”
– **Indirect**: He said that he would finish his homework.

 **10. Future Continuous Tense**

– **Direct**: He said, “I will be working tomorrow.”
– **Indirect**: He said that he would be working the next day.
– **Direct**: She said, “I will be cooking dinner tonight.”
– **Indirect**: She said that she would be cooking dinner that night.
– **Direct**: They said, “We will be waiting for you.”
– **Indirect**: They said that they would be waiting for you.
– **Direct**: He said, “She will be watching TV.”
– **Indirect**: He said that she would be watching TV.
– **Direct**: She said, “I will be reading a book this evening.”
– **Indirect**: She said that she would be reading a book that evening.
– **Direct**: John said, “I will be studying for my exam.”
– **Indirect**: John said that he would be studying for his exam.
– **Direct**: They said, “We will be playing football tomorrow.”
– **Indirect**: They said that they would be playing football the next day.
– **Direct**: He said, “I will be driving to work later.”
– **Indirect**: He said that he would be driving to work later.
– **Direct**: She said, “They will be planning a party.”
– **Indirect**: She said that they would be planning a party.
– **Direct**: He said, “I will be meeting my friend tonight.”
– **Indirect**: He said that he would be meeting his friend that night.

**11. Future Perfect Tense**

– **Direct**: He said, “I will have finished my work by tomorrow.”
– **Indirect**: He said that he would have finished his work by the next day.
– **Direct**: She said, “I will have cooked dinner by 8 PM.”
– **Indirect**: She said that she would have cooked dinner by 8 PM.
– **Direct**: They said, “We will have completed the project by then.”
– **Indirect**: They said that they would have completed the project by then.
– **Direct**: He said, “She will have left by the time you arrive.”
– **Indirect**: He said that she would have left by the time you arrived.
– **Direct**: She said, “I will have learned French by next year.”
– **Indirect**: She said that she would have learned French by the next year.
– **Direct**: John said, “I will have finished my exam by 5 PM.”
– **Indirect**: John said that he would have finished his exam by 5 PM.
– **Direct**: They said, “We will have eaten dinner by 7 PM.”
– **Indirect**: They said that they would have eaten dinner by 7 PM.
– **Direct**: He said, “I will have been to Paris twice by next summer.”
– **Indirect**: He said that he would have been to Paris twice by the next summer.
– **Direct**: She said, “They will have finished their work by the time we arrive.”
– **Indirect**: She said that they would have finished their work by the time they arrived.
– **Direct**: He said, “I will have submitted my assignment by Friday.”
– **Indirect**: He said that he would have submitted his assignment by Friday.

**12. Future Perfect Continuous Tense**

– **Direct**: He said, “I will have been working for three hours by 5 PM.”
– **Indirect**: He said that he would have been working for three hours by 5 PM.
– **Direct**: She said, “I will have been cooking for two hours by the time you arrive.”
– **Indirect**: She said that she would have been cooking for two hours by the time you arrived.
– **Direct**: They said, “We will have been living here for five years by next June.”
– **Indirect**: They said that they would have been living there for five years by the next June.
– **Direct**: He said, “She will have been waiting for you for an hour by 6 PM.”
– **Indirect**: He said that she would have been waiting for you for an hour by 6 PM.
– **Direct**: She said, “I will have been studying for three hours by the time you call me.”
– **Indirect**: She said that she would have been studying for three hours by the time you called her.
– **Direct**: John said, “I will have been reading for two hours by the time the movie starts.”
– **Indirect**: John said that he would have been reading for two hours by the time the movie started.
– **Direct**: They said, “We will have been working on this project for a week by Friday.”
– **Indirect**: They said that they would have been working on the project for a week by Friday.
– **Direct**: He said, “I will have been driving for three hours by the time I reach my destination.”
– **Indirect**: He said that he would have been driving for three hours by the time he reached his destination.
– **Direct**: She said, “They will have been preparing for the event for a month by the time it happens.”
– **Indirect**: She said that they would have been preparing for the event for a month by the time it happened.
– **Direct**: He said, “I will have been practising the guitar for a year by next summer.”
– **Indirect**: He said that he would have been practising the guitar for a year by the next summer.